maria teresa rodriguez clinical chemistry pdf

MARIA TERESA RODRIGUEZ CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PDF PDF

ĬOVID-19 was initially thought to be a zoonotic disease originating in bats, which may have undergone several cross-species events, first crossing the species barrier to pangolins and subsequently to humans. Three recent examples of these are: (i) SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus, causing coronavirus disease in 2019 or COVID-19), (ii) SARS-CoV (the β-coronavirus, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS), and (iii) MERS-CoV (the β-coronavirus, causing Middle East respiratory syndrome, or MERS). Therefore, these HCoV infections are zoonotic, and their symptoms are accompanied by more severe respiratory tract syndromes than those of the aforementioned ones. It is also of note that some coronaviruses that infect animals can undergo mutation and adaptation, thereby driving the co-evolution of coronaviruses that can become a new human coronavirus (HCoV). The usual signs and symptoms generated by these coronaviruses are similar to those of the common cold, accompanied by mild to moderate URTI. Among them, 229E and NL63 are α-coronaviruses, and OC43 and HKU1 are β-coronaviruses. Common variants that affect people around the world include 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1. The first human coronaviruses were identified in the mid-1960s.

There are four main genres of coronaviruses: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ). Initially, cases related to SARS-CoV-2 were associated with high mortality rates, especially in people with chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, some variants can cause mild influenza-like symptoms. Common human coronaviruses typically cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) such as the common cold. Most people are infected with these viruses at some point in their lives. Although there is no shortage of information on this pandemic virus presented in everyday practice, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest information on SARS-CoV-2 highlighting the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.ģ. Origin, history, and epidemiology of COVID-19Ĭoronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are common in humans and many different species of animals (e.g. Several countries have reported a new rise in daily cases higher than the first wave in March 2020. A second wave of COVID-19 infection has already been recorded in many countries, which may be due to premature relaxation of government-enforced lockdown rules in many parts of the world.

The case fatality rate varies among countries, estimated from 0 to more than 20%. As of 26 December 2020, there were approximately 80,500,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide, including 1,700,000 related deaths, with a case fatality rate of 2.2%. It has since been referred to be ‘the most crucial global health calamity of the century and the greatest challenge that humankind faced since the 2nd World War’. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that COVID-19 reached pandemic status on 30 January 2020 and subsequently, declared a global pandemic in March 2020.

Since then, the infection has spread to over 216 countries and territories. It is well documented that the initial cases of COVID-19 related infection were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China in December 2019, and were linked to the Huanan Seafood Market. If you want to know when a new version of the document you are viewing is available (such as new features, corrected typos, &c.), just go to the versionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

MARIA TERESA RODRIGUEZ CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PDF PDF

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Maria teresa rodriguez clinical chemistry pdf